Exploring connectivity between spawning and nursery areas of Mullus barbatus (L., 1758) in the Mediterranean through a dispersal model

Connectivity between spawning and nursery areas plays a major role in determining the spatial structure of fish populations and the boundaries of stock units. Here, the potential effects of surface current on a red mullet population in the Central Mediterranean were simulated using a physical oceanographic model. Red mullet larvae were represented as Lagrangian drifters released in known spawning areas of the Strait of Sicily (SoS), which represents one of the most productive demersal fishing‐grounds of the Mediterranean. To consider the effect of inter‐annual variability of oceanographic patterns, numerical simulations were performed for the spawning seasons from 1999 to 2012. The main goal was to explore connectivity between population subunits, in terms of spawning and nursery areas, inhabiting the northern (Sicilian‐Maltese) and southern (African) continental shelves of the SoS. The numerical simulations revealed a certain degree of connectivity between the Sicilian–Maltese and the African sides of the SoS. Connectivity is present in both directions, but it is stronger from the Sicilian–Maltese spawning areas to the African nurseries owing to the marine circulation features of the region. However, because the majority of the larvae are transported to areas unsuitable for settlement or outside the SoS, the dispersal process is characterized by a strong loss of potential settlers born in the spawning areas. These results are in agreement with the low genetic heterogeneity reported for this species in the Mediterranean Sea and support the existence of a metapopulation structure of red mullet in the SoS and the adjacent areas.     

南繁区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的AFLP分析

【目的】为了明确南繁区稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)的遗传分化情况,【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术对南繁核心区(三亚、乐东和保亭)和非核心区(琼中、屯昌和定安)共60个稻瘟病菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了比较分析。【结果】聚类分析表明,几乎所有菌株都聚在同一个谱系里,并且该谱系没有明显的亚群;群体遗传结构分析表明,核心区群体的多态性位点百分率、Shannon信息指数和基因流分别为87.89%、0.2738和4.2897,高于非核心区群体的81.37%、0.2703和3.5892;然而,核心区群体的Nei基因多样性指数和基因分化系数分别为0.1657和0.1044,低于非核心区群体的0.1662和0.1223。【结论】这些结果表明核心区和非核心区菌株都存在丰富的遗传多样性,不同群体间均存在较多的基因交流,但遗传变异均主要来自群体内;相比之下,核心区菌株的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高。     

高密度二氧化碳对食品中蛋白质结构及其加工特性影响研究进展

非热加工技术已广泛应用于食品加工行业，高密度二氧化碳（dense phase carbon dioxide，DPCD）加工技 术作为一种新型的非热加工技术，因其无毒无害、能耗低、对食品品质影响小等特点，成为国内外食品加工技术研 究的焦点。蛋白质作为食品的重要组成成分，直接影响食品的风味、质构及营养。本文简要介绍DPCD加工技术概 况和特点，总结关于DPCD对蛋白质结构及加工特性影响和DPCD钝酶作用的最新研究进展，展望了DPCD加工技术 的发展前景，为今后非热加工技术应用于食品加工提供重要研究思路。     

Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia,China

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above- and below-ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.     

湖北省宜都野生楠木资源调查

【目的】了解湖北省宜都市的野生楠木资源分布状况、种群结构及其群落特征。【方法】采用样方法分别在宜都市的王家畈镇、聂家河镇和潘家湾乡对楠木资源分布集中地段进行野外实地调查,并记录其生境条件和群落特征。【结果】调查区内发现野生楠木类植物计264株,楠属植物3种,分别为竹叶楠Phoebe faberi、桢楠P.zhennan、湘楠P.hunanensis;润楠属植物4种,分别为润楠Machilus pingii、宜昌润楠M.ichangensis、华润楠M.chinensis、刨花润楠M.pauhoi,其中华润楠、刨花润楠初步确定为宜都市新分布记录种。楠木较多分布在山地比较潮湿的阴坡,坡度为30°~40°,坡位为中坡位和下坡位,海拔在710 m左右,群落类型为常绿或落叶阔叶林的生境条件下,其楠木类植物群落的维管束植物共有71种,隶属41科60属,以樟科和蔷薇科植物比较多,被子植物中双子叶植物占有绝对的优势,高位芽植物在群落中的比重最大。【结论】该调查区内的润楠属植物种群年龄结构相比楠属更合理,大致呈稳定型,而楠属植物种群年龄结构大致呈衰退型。探讨了样地野生楠木数量及群落结构特征,为其天然林保护及种质资源保存提供理论依据,同时对城市景观树种的配置有着重要意义。     

角钢⁃集成材L形组合柱的受压性能研究

为提高装配式木结构中异形柱的力学性能,设计了一种用热压等边角钢和SPF集成材为原料,环氧树脂胶黏剂连接制作的角钢-集成材L形组合柱,作为框架结构或框架剪力墙结构的角柱。以角钢边宽度对L形柱正截面承载力的影响进行了轴压试验研究,并进行ANSYS有限元模拟,以判断模拟预测的准确性。结果表明:角钢-集成材L形组合柱相对于同截面面积的木柱而言承载能力上升37.0%~51.4%,刚度上升36.5%~72.8%,同时L形柱有良好的延性;适当增加L形柱中的角钢边宽度可以使承载能力有效提高,但是其短边处的集成材易产生破裂,增加试件的脆性破坏;集成材之间的环氧树脂胶合界面在破坏前后都性能良好,在材料弹性阶段钢材和木材有效共同受力,承载力计算时需要考虑钢材的塑形增强作用;ANSYS有限元模拟的角钢-集成材L形组合柱弹性模量结果和试验结果一致,误差在10%以内,模拟结果基本可靠。研究成果对于预测角钢-集成材L形组合柱在实际预制装配时的安全可靠性提供了理论依据。     

中国食用菌出口发展方向及产业结构优化

面对食用菌产业快速发展中盲从性问题出现,使得食用菌产业缺乏系统的战略规划,出口能力较弱的问题,从价值链、组织链、物流链和信息链等4个视角为其提供产业结构优化对策,助力食用菌产业发展。     

高校科研合作网络及演化研究——以京津冀地区211及省部共建高校为例

[目的/意义]京津冀协同发展是党中央作出的重大战略决策,科研合作是京津冀协同创新发展的重要方面。[方法/过程]笔者基于CNKI检索京津冀地区211及省部共建的26所高校在2008年—2017年发表的合著论文数,运用定量分析、社会网络分析方法,借助Ucinet绘制科研合作网络图谱,从而探讨京津冀地区高校科研合作网络现状及演化规律。[结果/结论]研究结果发现,高校科研实力强劲是形成科研合作的基础,清华大学、北京大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学、北京科技大学、北京航空航天大学和北京交通大学在科研合作网络中处于核心地位;地域聚集特性是影响科研合作关系强弱的主要因素;各类大学归属于不同的块模型,占据不同位置和角色,具有不同的结构功能和作用;京津冀地区高校科研合作经过10年间的发展,已经形成一个动态演化的网络。     

The microbial diversity and structure in peatland forest in Indonesia

The microbial community structure and function under forest in tropical peatlands are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the microbial community structure and diversity in natural peat swamp forest soil, disturbed peat soil and mineral soil in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the natural peat soil had the greatest fungal species richness (Chao1), which was significantly (p < .05) larger than that in the other two soils. Community structure of both fungi and bacteria in natural peat soil differed significantly from that in the disturbed peat soil (p = .039 and p = .045, respectively). Ascomycota (40.5%) was the most abundant phylum across the three soils followed by Basidiomycota (18.8%), Zygomycota (<0.1%) and Glomeromycota (<0.1%). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that Ascomycota (p < .05) and genus Gliocephalotrichum (p < .05) dominated in natural peat soil. Functionally, pathotrophs were more abundant in disturbed peat soil (p < .05). Proteobacteria (43.8%) were the most abundant phylum followed by Acidobacteria (32.6%), Actinobacteria (9.8%), Planctomycetes (1.7%). Methylocystis, Telmatospirillum, Syntrophobacter, Sorangium and Opitutus were the more abundant genera in disturbed peat soil, whereas Nevskia and Schlesneria were more abundant in mineral soil and natural peat soil, respectively. The natural peat forest soil supported a more diverse microbiology; however, the land use of such a soil can change its microbial community structure. The results provide evidence that the disturbance of tropical peat land could lead to the introduction and spread of a large number of fungal diseases